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Rigging (MA)

Rigging is one of out "7 Pillars" or Swiftwater Rescue.  The more familiar we are at using forces (such as vector forces and Mechanical Advantage systems) the better rescuers we will be.

Anchors with rope (on anchor)

 Tensionless Hitch (No Knot)

Figure 8 on a Bight (followed through)
 
Anchors with webbing (on anchor)
Simple
Basket (3 Bight)
Multiwrap
Multipoint Load Sharing (self equalizing and protecting)
Multipoint Fixed and Focussed
Anchors with rope (on load)
Boater anchor
Double figure 8 on a bight 
 
Anchors with webbing (on load)
Threaded (1 carabiner)
Clipped (3 carabiners)
Demonstrate forces and angles between multipoint anchors (Vectors)
    0 Degrees 50% each side
  45 Degrees 54% each side
  90 Degrees 71% each side
120 Degrees 100% each side
150 Degrees 150% each side
170 Degrees 574% each side
Vector Pulls
Simple
Progressive Vectoring
Mechanical Advantage Systems
1:1 (Armstrong method)
3:1 Simple
5:1 Simple (Advanced)
9:1 Compound (Advanced)
Others (2:1 Simple, 4:1 Compound etc)
Teaching Tips
MA Systems are in fact rarely used but challenging to remember when needed without practice.  Many MA systems fail due to poor selection of equipment.  Make sure you demonstrate using appropriate gear or your students won't know what is good to use and what is hazardous to use.

 

Line Ferries

Often it only takes a few minutes to preform a given task ONCE we get out lines across the river.  Hours later we can still be trying to get our lines across the river.

Techniques Include

Tethered Swimming
Throwing
Paddling
Advanced Techniques 
Line gun
Drone
Considerations
Often a Ferry Line or Messenger Line will be deployed (a smaller lighter line that will then later pull across a larger line)

When swimming a line across consider sending a catcher first to receive the Tethered Swimmer.
Tethered swimmers/paddlers want minimum friction for this technique.
Tethered Swimmers should start a MINIMUM of the same distance upstream from the Anchor/Belay as the width of the crossing.
Teaching Tips
Once students hit the water everything will go well. The debating about which technique to use takes up a lot of time.

 

Pendulums/Line Crossing

Pendulums and Line Crossings are useful Rope Assisted transport techniques.  We often use them to avoid longer more hazardous swims.  Attention to the small details can help us maximize our benefit and reduce our potential struggles while using rope assisted rescue techniques.

 Pendulum Techniques

 Classic Pendulums
 Use a solid Anchor/Belay position (Hip Belay, Back Up Belay, Friction Belay, Dynamic Belay)
Use a minimum of 1 less Anchor/Belay person than # of people being transported
The pendulum slows down and is harder to hold as the angle to the current vector decreases (try standing further back from the shoreline for quick and easy pendulums (somewhat counter-intuitive)
Those being transported need to grab hold the rope in their "in river" hand opposite the direction of travel
Assisted Pendulums
Add a Helper line to "deflect" the angle open (for quicker more efficient pendulum)
Tensioned Diagonals allow us to transport from upstream on one side of the river to downstream on the opposite side of the river.
 
Weak side anchor is usually a Tensionless Hitch (No Knot)
Strong side anchor can be a a 3:1 tensioning the line with the tension captured by a prussic, tandem prussic and/or on a load releasing hitch such as a Mariner's Hitch, Radium Release Hitch or Munter Mule.
Progress Capture anchor can be backed up by putting a No Knot on a separate anchor point.
Anchor can also be hand tensioned or hand held.
When joining 2 lines together use a flat overhand that a large carabiner can pass over
Hold the transport mechanism with the proper hand to put your body on ferry angle
Transport mechanism can be retrieved by affixing a retrieval line.
Direct Line Crossing
Set a line directly across the river to use as a wading or swimming assistive line. Be cautious that after reaching 1/2 way the crossing may become more difficult as now you will have to work somewhat upstream against the current.
Teaching Tips
Students enjoy setting up Tensioned Diagonals despite the fact they are rarely used.  Take the opportunity to make it into a team work, line ferry and MA exercise rather than just a line crossing technique.  These are fun activities to practice for students.


 

 

Entrapments/Cinches

Entrapment and Cinches require both strategy and teamwork.  They require fact action that cannot be "made up" at the time of incident. Here we have outlined a few common strategies.

 NOTE - The most effective way to rescue someone from an entrapment is with DIRECT CONTACT

3 Point Entrapment Assessment

1.  Airway/No Airway (head up / head down)
2.  Direct Contact (can I and Should I if so GO rescue)
3.  Environment (banks within 20m, Subject within 10m of one bank)
Cinches Based on Subject Presentation

Heads Up 2 Bank
Stabilization Line with Open/Closed Cinch
Double Closed Cinch (Box Cinch)
'Y" Cinch (J Cinch/Mather Cinch)
"C2Y2U"

Heads Up 1 Bank
One Bank "U" Cinch Open/Closed (ET3/Lasso Loop)
Kiwi Cinch (with REACH or snag plate retrieval)
Heads Down 2 Bank
Step Strap Snag Line
Paddle Pull Snag Line
Sinking Snag Line

Teaching Tips

 Entrapment Drills are a great way of building teamwork amongst rescuers.  To get the best out of students first emphasize proper technique, then efficiency then expedience.  Good to add an element of speed and urgency by timing repeated drills.

 


Tethered Rescue Platforms

It can be advantageous to create a Tethered Rescue Platform as an access tool. These techniques are both time and equipment heavy and may be difficult to perform with limited equipment.

Tethered Rescue Platforms

1.  Controlled Boat Lower/Raise (Telfor Lower, Highline With Boat on Tether)
2.  2 Point Boat on Tether
3. 4 Point Boat on Tether
Many of these techniques require specific conditions in relation to both current as well as banks/shoreline. Suggest using "quicker/dirtier" techniques first.
Teaching Tip
This is often a time consuming skill that is rarely used in the boating community as it is very equipment intensive.  It may be something you chose to drylands out for those of interest rather than a full on river session.